S for substitution
The best measure removes the hazard: replacing a toxic solvent with a water-based product, heavy sacks with smaller containers.
T and O
Technical measures separate people from the hazard – guards, extraction, railings. Organisational measures manage how work is done – permits, breaks, separate routes.
P for personal
Protective equipment such as helmets, goggles or ear protection is used only when the other measures are not sufficient. It only protects when worn correctly.
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